1. Introduction
Gaming peripherals
are auxiliary devices connected to a personal computer (PC) or laptop for an
enhanced gaming experience. This collection includes headsets, gamepads,
joysticks, tablet pens, gaming mice, keyboards, external hard drives, lighting,
and olfactory displays, as shown in Fig. 1. The
conventional definition of gaming setup is an electronic device that interacts
with a player on a screen, often using video game peripherals. Over the years,
advancements in the gaming sector have redefined video games and their
peripherals, leading to more interactive setup.[1,2] The gaming (AR/VR) market grew from USD 1.1 billion in FY2019 to
USD 3.1 billion in FY2023, with projections estimating it could surpass USD 7.5
billion by FY2028, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around
20%.[3]
Fig. 1 Impact of gaming peripherals and gadgets on user experience and
performance.
1.1 Desktop gaming
Desktop gaming refers to games played on desktop personal
computers (PCs) or MACs. Apart from the traditional mouse and keyboard, the
setup may include devices, such as joysticks.
1.2 Gaming consoles
These hardware devices typically work with a television
and a controller-like gaming remote running games that are pre-installed,
downloaded, or come on optical discs. The main manufacturers are Microsoft,
Sony, and Nintendo.[4]
1.3 Mobile app games
Mobile games can be free or purchasable and downloaded
through app stores such as Google Play or Apple App Store, or are preinstalled
by the phone company by default. Major companies such as Nintendo and Blizzard
are now focusing on creating mobile games.[5]
1.4 Web-games
Web-based games are popular owing to their ease of
handling and accessibility. These games are mostly free and require stable
Internet connections to allow gamers to interact with others.[6]
1.5 Handheld games
Handheld games are dedicated gaming devices with built-in
screens, audio/visual software, and gaming control. These gadgets were
portable.[7]
1.6 Augmented reality
Augmented reality-based games use computer-generated
imagery superimposed on real-world scenarios. Pokémon GO is a prime example of
an augmented reality (AR) game.[8]
1.7 Virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) games use 3-D artificial rendered
environments to run computer games, emulating a real-time gaming experience.
The VR headsets include High Tech Computer (HTC) Corporation Vive, Oculus Rift,
Microsoft HoloLens, Samsung VR, PlayStation VR, and Google Cardboard.[9]
1.8 Breakdown of various approaches to gaming
A critical analysis of a Broadband Search is presented in
Fig. 2[10]. Here, we can see the percentage of gamers that use the
abovementioned gaming setup. Web-based games are widely used owing to their
various advantages such as adaptability to be used
on any screen, availability, ease of use, budget friendliness, and ability to
connect people worldwide.
Fig. 2 Percentage of
gamers using various gaming setups.[10]
Different types of
console games can utilize different types of gaming devices and gadgets. It can
be as simple as a gaming mouse or as complex as an olfactory display. In
addition, many companies tend to add the word “Gaming” to their product names (e.g., Gaming mouse and monitor). This
study evaluated the actual effect on gaming experience. Moreover, the paper
includes the results of a questionnaire that attempted to measure this effect,
especially less popular gaming gadgets such as olfactory displays.
2. Gaming gadgets
Gaming gadgets are
electronic devices or peripherals, such as controllers and mice, that enable
gaming in any setup. They act as input/output mechanics for improved
playability along with the incorporation of several types of direct control
feedback and haptics. The peripherals also include many types of wearable gears
or gaming chairs that emulate the cues of the virtual world onto the real one.
Therefore, these
peripherals are essential for enhancing gaming experience and have several
other applications in the field of healthcare training and rehabilitation for
gamers.
To understand the
collective influence of various peripherals on the gaming experience, we
introduce the Peripheral Impact
Factor (PIF). This
factor evaluates how different devices, such as keyboards, mice, VR headsets,
and gaming chairs, contribute to the user's overall performance and
satisfaction. Mathematically, the PIF can be calculated as shown in equation
(1).
(1)
where,
= weight for the impact of the ith
peripheral
= impact score of the ith
peripheral (based on usability, latency reduction, immersion)
=
number of peripherals being analyzed
Some of the most
prominent gaming peripherals and their role in enhancing the gaming experience
are discussed below.
2.1 Keyboard
Keyboards are
essential input devices for desktop gaming, enabling users to control tasks
with both alphanumeric and custom keys. [11] A high-quality
gaming keyboard is essential for an immersive experience, and selecting one
requires evaluating several key factors, as outlined below:
2.1.1 Layout
The layout of the
keyboard defines the space occupied. Variants include 40%, 60%, 65%, and
1800-compact, referring to the size of the layout relative to a full-sized keyboard. [12-14]
2.1.2 Keycaps
Keycaps impact the
feel and sound of the keyboard. They are categorized into several profiles,
such as high/medium and spherical/cylindrical profiles. [15,16]
2.1.3 Key switches
Mechanical switches
are categorized as linear, tactile, and clicky switches, each providing
different feedback and sound.[17-20]
2.1.4 Haptics
With regard to
keyboards, the presence of haptics is uncommon and does not serve many
purposes, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of
keyboard layouts.
|
Keyboard Type
|
No of keys
|
Function keys
|
Navigational keys
|
Number
Pad
(Separate)
|
Function
Keys
|
Dimensions
|
|
Full sized
keyboard
|
100-104
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
Standard Size
|
|
TKL [Ten-Key
Less]
|
86-88
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
ü
|
Smaller than Full
sized keyboard
|
|
75% Keyboard
|
86-88
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
ü
|
Smaller than TKL
|
|
65% Keyboard
|
66-68
|
ü
|
ü
PARTIAL
|
|
|
Compact
|
|
60%
Keyboard
|
59-61
|
|
|
|
|
Compact
|
|
40% keyboard
|
39-41
|
|
|
|
|
Very Compact
|
|
1800- Compact
|
100-104
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
Compact version
of full-sized keyboard
|
2.2 Mouse
A mouse is another
essential device that functions as an input mechanism for desktop gaming. A
conventional mouse has two input keys: a sensor and scroll wheel. Gaming mice
generally have customizable buttons, on-board memory, and adjustable Dots Per
Inch (DPI) settings.[21] To select an ideal gaming mouse, a person must know the grip type.
The common ones are fingertips, claws, palms, and hybrid grips.[22-31]
2.2.1 Build
Mice exist in two
main forms: Ambidextrous and Ergonomic. Ambidextrous mice can be comfortably
used by both hands, whereas ergonomic mice suit only a one-hand configuration.
A proper design can provide relief from carpal tunnel pressure.[23]
2.2.2 Mouse feet/skates
Mouse skates are
small pads attached to the bottom of the mouse, allowing it to move freely on a
mousepad or a rough surface. They are usually made of low-friction materials
like Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Teflon.[24]
2.2.3 Para cording
Para cording
replaces a stiff cable with a more flexible one to avoid cable drag during
gameplay. A para-corded mouse, combined with a mouse bungee, provides an ideal
setup for wired mouse gamers by minimizing wire presence.[25]
2.2.4 Weight
The weight of the
mice was crucial. This trend favors lighter mice, especially for frames per
second (FPS) games, with some models weighing approximately 60 g. However,
weight preference varies among gamers, with some preferring heavier mice often
with attachable weights.[26]
2.2.5 Switches
High-quality mouse
switches have a long lifespan. Some manufacturers compromise the switch quality
to make lighter and cheaper mice, leading to issues such as double-clicking and
unsatisfactory clicks.[27]
2.2.6 Sensors
High-quality
sensors provide high precision and accuracy. Optical sensors are common and
influence the DPI of a mouse.[28]
2.2.7 DPI
Dots per inch (DPI)
measures mouse sensitivity. A higher DPI registered minor movements as
significant changes in the game. While some professional e-sports users rarely
use extremely high DPI, they are often marketed as a preference feature.[29]
2.2.8. Lighting
Most gaming mice
include RGB lighting that can be customized using on-mouse buttons or software.
2.2.9. Mouse pads
A proper mousepad
is essential for a smooth operation and can be categorized into speed or
control variants. They help to extend the lifespan of mouse skates and provide
an ideal surface for sensors.
Wireless mice have
advanced significantly, with negligible latency compared to wired versions.
They avoid issues such as tangled wires, which can hinder movement and create
desktop clutter. Wired mouse users often use a mouse bungee to manage the
cable, keeping it off the surface, and eliminating static friction, as shown in
Table 2.[30,31]
Table 2. Wired and wireless
mouse comparisons.
|
Mouse type
|
Latency
|
Cable Drag
|
DPI (Dots Per
Inch)
|
Weight
|
Haptics
|
Light
|
Cost
|
Range
|
|
Wired
|
1-5ms
|
Low to High
|
High
|
Moderate
|
NIL
|
varies
|
Moderate
|
3-6 Feet
|
|
Wireless
|
5-10ms
|
NIL
|
High
|
Lighter
|
NIL
|
varies
|
High
|
up to 35 Feet
|
Advancements in
wireless technology have been extraordinary in terms of computer mouse
technology. Table 2 represents the feature in
which the wireless counterparts can deliver the same results when compared
across different technological and fundamental use cases. This point can be
further solidified, as professional sports players tend to prefer wireless
mice. The only constraint that can be pointed out when compared with wireless
devices is that they are expensive.
2.3 Monitor
A monitor is an
output device that displays data in pictorial or video format. This is
essential for the PC gaming setup. Different types of monitors include liquid crystal
display (LCD), liquid emitting diode (LED), and organic light emitting diode (OLED),
each with distinct characteristics, such as response time, color accuracy, and
refresh rate.[32] There are many types of monitors in the current market, most of
which have differences in response time, color accuracy, color gamma range, and
so on.
2.3.1 Liquid crystal
displays (LCD)
LCD panels are
commonly used by professionals and gamers.
· Twisted Nematic (TN) Panels: Fast response
times and high refresh rates but poor color accuracy and viewing angles.
Suitable for desktop gaming.
· Vertical Alignment (VA) Panels: Good contrast
ratios but lower response times and refresh rates make them less popular among
gamers.
· In-Plane Switching (IPS) Panels: Good response
times, refresh rates, color accuracy, and viewing angles. Slightly lower
brightness.
2.3.2 LED panels
LEDs are used as
backlights for LCDs, offering better contrast and color range. They come in two
types:
· Direct-lit LED: Placed directly behind the panel.
· Edge-lit LED:
Consumes less power but may have backlight bleeding issues.
2.3.3 Organic Light
Emitting Diode (OLED)
OLED panels emit
light individually, providing excellent color accuracy and response times;
however, they are expensive. They are flexible and contain many curved
variants.
Console gamers also
use the monitors. Most games for consoles have been capped to 60 frame per
second (FPS) in recent times; however, with rapid advancements in technology,
we are seeing a growing rise in support of high-fps games with the introduction
of PlayStation 5 and the Xbox series. The addition of 4k screens means that
conventional television sets are no longer the standard for console gaming if
the user wants to experience gaming at the highest standard.
2.3.4 Framerate
The average monitor
frame rate is 60 Hz, which is sufficient for general use; however, higher
framerates are preferred for gaming for smoother experiences. Higher frames
provide additional information, giving gamers an edge in fast-paced scenarios.[33]
· Frame Rate vs. FPS: Frame rate is the
number of frames the monitor displays per second, whereas FPS is the number of
frames the GPU generates per second.
· Screen Tearing: Occurs when the GPU generates
more frames than the monitor can display, causing a horizontal split. Vertical
Synchronization (V-SYNC) was used to prevent this.
Console gamers also
use monitors, especially with the rise of high-fps games and 4k screens
Screen ghosting occurs when pixels lag in rendering new images,
causing the previous image to partially appear. Higher framerates reduce
ghosting, thus making the display clearer.[34-37]
By selecting an appropriate monitor with high refresh rates, gamers
can avoid issues such as bottlenecking and screen tearing, thereby ensuring an
optimal gaming experience.[38]
Gaming performance is closely linked to the
responsiveness and precision of hardware, which is known as performance rate
(PR). PR measures the effect of game peripherals on player performance,
typically calculated by monitoring reaction time, accuracy, and overall skill
in the game as shown in equation (2).
(2)
where,
= Score or points achieved in the game
= Reaction Time (time taken to respond to game
stimuli)
Monitors are the primary output displays and mandatory components
required for gaming. Twisted nematic (TN) panels and in-plane switching (IPS)
panels are preferred because of their faster response rate and frame rate;
however, on TN panels, colors may appear slightly washed out because of the
lower color accuracy, which is limited by narrower viewing angles. However, VA
panels are preferred by video editors or other professionals because of the
sharper images that arise owing to the parameters listed in Table 3. Owing to variances in the requirements,
these monitors have distinct roles.
Table 3. Types
of monitors and their parameters.
|
Monitors
|
IPS
|
TN
|
VA
|
LED-IPS
|
|
Color Accuracy
|
HIGH
|
LOW
|
MEDIUM
|
HIGHEST
|
|
FPS (Frames Per
Second)
|
HIGH
|
HIGHEST
|
LOW
|
HIGH
|
|
Response Times
|
HIGH
|
HIGHEST
|
LOW
|
HIGH
|
|
Brightness
|
HIGH
|
MODERATE
|
HIGH
|
NA
|
|
Contrast
|
MODERATE
|
MODERATE
|
HIGH
|
HIGH
|
|
Cost
|
HIGH
|
LOW
|
MODERATE
|
HIGH
|
|
Backlight Bleeding
|
LOW
|
NIL
|
LOW
|
NIL
|
|
Viewing Angles
|
HIGH
|
LOW
|
HIGH
|
HIGH
|
2.4 Video game controllers
Video game controllers are widely used in gaming consoles and
desktops. A typical controller has two analog sticks, a directional pad, four
triggers, four control keys, and start/stop buttons, providing sufficient input
for most games and allowing combinational key presses for different actions.
Controllers have wired and wireless versions and offer haptic feedback, such as
Sony’s DualShock controllers, which respond to in-game actions.
Controllers are preferred for certain games, racing games, fighting
games, platformers, and sports simulations, etc.,
as they provide better control and a more immersive experience, especially in
single-player games. Some games are designed specifically for controllers,
although a mouse is often superior to first-person shooters owing to its speed
and precision. Many first-person shooters optimize gameplay by matching players
using the same type of input device or by adding aim assistance for cross-play. [39,40]
Newer controllers feature touchpads for swipe gestures, and
potential future models may include touchscreens. Continuous improvements in
technical development and ergonomic design have made controllers suitable for
long gaming sessions. Some controllers have built-in audio jacks for convenient
headphone use.[41]
2.4.1 Feedback in the case of controllers
Handheld controllers primarily use vibrotactile feedback, which
produces a rumbling sensation that enhances the gaming experience. Prototypes
for thermal feedback that simulate warmth or coldness based on in-game
conditions are being developed. Skin feedback controllers, which use
skin-stretch factors to simulate environmental effects, such as waves or
fishing, are also being explored. Motion sensor-enabled controllers, equipped
with gyroscopes, accelerometers, and sensors, can detect minor positional changes
to further enhance the in-game experience.[42,43]
2.4.2 Playing sports
Popular motion-sensing controllers, such as the Nintendo Wii
Remote, Xbox Kinect, and Nintendo Switch Joy-Cons, have advanced significantly
with the incorporation of a gyroscope. These controllers can replicate
real-life sports, such as table tennis, golf, and shooting, by translating arm
movements into in-game actions, providing a more immersive experience than
traditional controls. Multiplayer support allows for the virtual recreation of
team sports and matches against real-life opponents, closely mimicking
real-life sports.[44]
2.5 Speakers
Speakers are audio output devices available in various stereo
channels such as 2.0, 2.1, and 5. The 2.1 setup, common in desktop gaming,
included two speakers and a subwoofer for low-frequency sounds. The two
speakers help pinpoint gaming events through positional audio. Surround sound
speakers offer a 3D audio experience that enhances immersion. Some speakers
feature RGB lighting that mimics an in-game environment. A sound card is
essential for achieving optimal speaker performance. [45-47] The types of speaker
and their parameters are listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Types of speakers and their parameters.
|
Channel
|
Number of Speakers
|
Surround sound
|
Channels
|
Cost
|
Range
|
Sound Quality
|
|
2.1
|
3
|
No
|
2 Standard +1
Subwoofer
|
low
|
Small
|
Average
|
|
5.1
|
6
|
Yes
|
5 Standard +1
Subwoofer
|
Moderate-High
|
Moderate
|
High
|
|
7.1
|
8
|
Yes
|
7 Standard +1
Subwoofer
|
high
|
High
|
High
|
2.6 Headphones
Headphones worn over the ears are crucial for gaming as they allow
private listening. They are preferred owing to their flexibility and noise
cancellation. Surround sound headsets provide a 360-degree soundscape,
enhancing immersion.
The key parameters for gaming headphones include the following.
Build Quality: Ergonomic, well-fitting, and flexible
headphones ensure comfort during long gaming sessions. Glass-friendly options
are available for individuals with spectacles. Weight also played a significant
role.
Earcups: Open Back: Do not cover the back of the
earlobe, leak sound, or allow external noise.
Closed Back: Cover the earlobe, prevent external noise, and produce
a strong bass.
Semi-open: A hybrid of open and closed backs.
The material of ear cups, such as leather, should be chosen based
on comfort and preference, although leather can cause sweating. [48-50]
2.6.1 Impedance
The headphone impedance ranged from 8 to 600 Ω. High-impedance
headphones require a high-voltage supply and less current; therefore,
high-impedance speakers require the presence of an amplifier on the
motherboard. A good amplifier and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are
essential for headphones to process high-quality sounds.[51]
2.6.2 Microphone
Gamers prefer built-in microphones for convenience and space
saving. They allow communication with teammates or friends during game play.
Active noise cancellation uses an internal microphone to cancel external noise
by inverting audio.[52-53]
These features enable long gaming sessions without disturbing one’s
surroundings. Wireless headphones share advantages and disadvantages with
wireless mice, but latency remains an issue. They are ideal for single-player
games, but not for competitive gaming. Some wireless headphones have audio
jacks for versatility. Achieving low latency in wireless headphones is
challenging owing to Bluetooth limitations, codec complexities, and high costs.[52-56]
2.6.3 Headphone haptics
The most common type of direct-contact feedback in gaming
headphones is vibrational feedback or haptic bass, as shown in Table 5. This mechanism creates a rumbling sensation
based on audio cues, such as explosions, which enhances immersion. Although RGB
lighting exists, it does not add to the gaming experience. An example is Razer
Nari Ultimate, which uses smart haptic technology (Lofelt L5 haptic drivers) to
convert sound waves into real-time touch sensory feedback. This technology,
known as Razer Hyper Sense, transforms game audio into haptic effects,
enhancing awareness and the overall gaming experience.[57]
Table 5. Types
of Headphones and their parameters.
|
Design
|
Comfort
|
Portability
|
Passive
Noise
Isolation
|
Leakage
|
Stable
Fit
|
Sound
Quality
|
|
Over-ear
Headphones
|
Great
|
Bad
|
Good
|
Some
|
Unstable
|
Great
|
|
On-ear
Headphones
|
Mediocre
|
Good
|
Mediocre
|
Some
|
Good
|
Great
|
|
In-ear
Headphones
|
Good
|
Great
|
Great
|
Less
|
Great
|
Great
|
|
Earbuds
|
Good
|
Great
|
Great
|
Some
|
Great
|
Lower
|
|
Bone
conduction
|
Great
|
Great
|
None
|
Less
|
Fantastic
|
Lower
|
Comfort and audio quality are paramount differentiators of
headsets, such as the way they rest over an individual’s ears and padding.
Headphones tend to provide greater noise cancellation and immersion, along with
greater audio quality, than earphones. In contrast, in-ear headphones and
earbuds are simpler in structure, weigh less, and more portable. Individual
preferences and use cases present us with their choice. A comparison of the
headsets is presented in Table 5.
2.7 Gaming chair
Gaming chairs are essential for console and desktop gaming,
providing lumbar support, and preventing back and neck pain from prolonged
gaming. They offer customization in terms of height and inclination to suit the
user preferences.[58,59]
Ergonomically designed for comfort, gaming chairs support proper
posture with multiple paddings and layers, which differs from standard office
chairs. They often have a swivel base and come in materials, such as fabric or
leather, with some offering spill resistance. Appropriate seating improves
gaming performance and prevents strain and fatigue.[60]
Innovative developments include gaming chairs as input control
mechanisms, such as Chair IO, which acts as a joystick for virtual
environments. Gaming VR chairs and rigs provide confined spaces for an
immersive experience, with features such as zero gravity, allowing reclining up
to 140°, enhancing the gaming experience.[61]
2.7.1 Haptics
In the case of gaming chairs, haptics are vibration-based with
subwoofers located within the gaming chair to help achieve this purpose.
Vibrations are based on game feedback and movement. Tactile feedback is also
under development for gaming chairs in which the sense of touch can be
replicated. The sheer number of positions where vibrational or haptic motors
are in direct contact with the user affects vibration feedback to the user.[62]
Table 6. Categories of
Haptic feedback and key parameters
|
|
Ergonomics
|
Speakers
|
Haptics
|
Control Inputs
|
Cost
|
Comfort level
|
|
Office Chair
|
Moderate
|
Not present
|
Not present
|
Not present
|
Moderate
|
Moderate
|
|
Gaming Chair
|
Better
|
Available
|
Available
|
Available
|
High
|
High
|
Table 6 compares different types of
chairs—specifically, an office chair and a gaming chair—across various
parameters related to ergonomics and user experience. Ergonomics and proper
lumbar support go a long way to enhance the gaming experience. Some gaming
chairs have additional perks, such as haptics, aimed at highlighting the gaming
experience. A proper ergonomic chair is vital for health and for maintaining
productivity in long-term desk users. The other benefits of gaming chairs are
secondary benefits. A standard chair or sofa can serve the basic purposes but
may come at the expense of health and diminish the overall experience.
2.8. Wearable gaming gear
Wearable technology has seen a gradual increase in its usage over
the past few years. Wearable gears can be simplified as electronically equipped
fabrics that can be used for the next-generation immersion in gaming. These
wearables are also being used by the medical sector to accomplish various
purposes, mainly related to rehabilitation with the help of this gear, as
discussed below.[63]
2.8.1 Gaming gloves
Gaming gloves are the latest trend in futuristic gaming. Gaming
gloves provide support for gesture recognition that can act as an input
mechanism for several types of games.[64] The use of gestures
makes the control mechanics more convenient and natural. Some gaming gloves are
equipped with thin rubber-like microfiber sensors stitched with a glove that
covers the back of the palm and all fingers. They transmitted all motions observed
via the signals to the computer. These movements can also be transmitted to the
healthcare staff to observe the progress of patients during rehabilitation. One example is the
Peregrine glove, a contact-based glove that allows inputs through simple finger
touches to a contact pad on the palm. It features up to 17 customizable
touchpoints with a response time of 30 ms, making it highly advantageous for VR
and competitive gaming, which requires multiple hotkeys.
Another advanced glove is the Dexmo glove developed by Dexta
Robotics, which gives users the sensation of holding virtual objects by
restricting finger movements according to the object's shape. This glove uses
five servo motors for force feedback and is completely wireless, providing a
highly immersive experience in virtual environments.[65] Prototypes of
gaming gloves and wearable technology have been developed to provide an
interface for virtually simulating weight and grasping objects. Gravity is a
device that uses vibrotactile feedback, unidirectional brakes, asymmetric skin
stretch, and a gripper-type haptic device to achieve this purpose. Vibrotactile
feedback was provided during contact, high-stiffness force feedback during
grasping, and weight force feedback during lifting. It can also incorporate
skin-stretch feedback along with existing methods, where kinesthetic feedback
is provided for contact, grasping, gravity, and inertia.[66]
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is caused by prolonged repetitive
tasks and most gamers do not take serious risks. Gloves can be used for
monitoring and training during rehabilitation for RSI. Rapael smart gloves are
used for the rehabilitation of Stroke Patients, and some are used for surgical
training.[67]
Examples of gaming gloves are Peregrine gloves, which are
contact-based gloves that can toggle inputs based on a simple finger touch of a
finger to the contact pad that rests on the palm. It had up to 17 customizable
touchpoints. Response times are extremely fast, with a latency of 30ms, and can
be of great advantage when playing VR games and competitive games that require
many hotkeys because they can be mapped onto gloves for ease of use.[68]
Dexmo gloves, developed by Dexta Robotics, provide users with the
sensation of grasping virtual objects by restricting finger movements based on
the object's shape or simulating the feel of a pulsating virtual heart. The
gloves utilize five servo motors to deliver force feedback and operate
completely wirelessly.[69]
2.8.2 Gaming suit or exoskeleton
Haptic and gaming suits have primarily been developed for VR
gaming. These sensors are capable of sensing motion, fibrillation, and tactile
feedback. In essence, this hardware allows the user to feel the virtual world.
These suits generally resemble a chest plate that extends to the sleeves when
it comes to a full-body suit. These suits can provide complete direct contact
feedback for the peak gaming experience and immersion. The ARAIG (As Real As It
Gets) suit is a prime example of a multisensory, multidirectional force
feedback haptic gear designed for immersive gaming. Equipped with a 7.1
surround sound system, 34 vibratory devices, and 8 muscle contraction
locations, it simulates various in-game actions, such as a shoulder squeeze.
The suit is compatible with several VR and PC games, and has applications in
training firefighters and military personnel without exposing them to real-life
dangers.[70] Everything from a
bullet shot to a strong wind gust can be emulated by a suit. The thin and light
nature of upcoming suits allows wearability for a long duration. Gaming suits
can have up to 15 haptic sensors that target specific muscles and body parts,
which is sufficient for a full-body experience. Frozen suits also exist with
restricted movement at joints using variable jamming materials or motors.[71]
The ARAIG suit is a multisensory, multidirectional force feedback
haptic device designed to enhance immersive gaming experiences. It features a
7.1 surround sound system, 34 vibratory actuators, and eight muscle contraction
points, such as a shoulder squeeze, which respond according to the action cues
performed in the game.
It provides support for several VR and personal computer (PC)
games.[72] It also has an external
application. It can be used to train firefighters to deal with hazardous
conditions and escape from them. It can also be used for military and civilian
training applications, without being vulnerable to life-threatening risks from
open training.[73]
2.9. Virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-simulated experience delivered
through a mounted head gear that completely encloses one’s eyes. A well-known
VR setup is Meta Quest, which includes Head-Mounted Display (HMD) wireless
controllers, a power adapter, and high-specification desktop sensors. This
setup ensures a fully immersive experience by allowing users to interact with
virtual environments through precise head and hand movements detected by
integrated sensors. In darkness, the screen embedded in the headgear serves as
the user's window to the virtual world. It naturally responds to head movements
by adjusting the layout orientation, creating a fully immersive experience. Also,
virtual reality devices are equipped with audio-sensory features and haptic
feedback capabilities to enhance the sense of presence.[74]
VR games are highly engaging so much so that a person could lose
track of their surroundings and the real world, so to avoid physical or
monetary losses, a playing space of 1.5X2 meter or larger is required, along
with the PC which can effectively support the VR gear. External proximity
sensors are required for motion detection along with accelerometers and
gyroscopes. Some VR gears have a power adapter so that they can be played
wirelessly.[75] A VR setup is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 VR gaming setup (Meta Quest) with HMD, wireless controllers, power
adapter, High Specification desktop and sensors.
The major component
of a VR setup is the head-mounted display (HMD), which is a headset that
primarily has two high-resolution screens and a high refresh rate (up to 120hz)
which projects separate images for each eye to achieve 3D rendering of the
virtual world. Head-mounted gears usually come with wireless controllers that
act as input mechanisms for the VR setup. These controllers are enabled using
vibrotactile haptics. HMD is cushioned and built while considering ergonomic
design. There are several adjustable straps, such that the head gear can be
worn easily for long durations.[76] Haptics has seen
the most advancement in VR, as every form of direct contact feedback can be
seen here, varying from appliances. One of the reasons for this is the
innumerable wearable-gear compatibility. Most haptic suits/exoskeletons and
gloves are primarily developed and prioritized for Virtual Reality needs in
comparison to desktops or consoles because of how much the immersiveness has
been improved and made the virtual world more believable and the engagement rate
would be increased, as measured by the level
of realism and interaction in VR environments.
2.9.1 Engagement index
The Engagement
Index helps us capture how deeply players are involved in their games and how
peripherals, such as VR headsets or gaming controllers, enhance their
engagement with virtual environments. The
level of engagement that users experience during gaming is an important factor
that influences their overall satisfaction. Engagement Index (EI) as a measure that
combines several engagement metrics, including the time spent playing,
frequency of user interactions, and intensity of focus. EI can be calculated as
shown in equation (3).
(3)
where,
= Time spent actively gaming,
=Frequency of interactions (e.g., mouse clicks or button presses),
= represents the Intensity of focus or
concentration during gameplay
= are scaling factors that reflect the relative
importance of each component
This is one of the reasons why VR has multiple uses in various
fields, such as training, rehabilitation, and education.[77]
2.9.2 Limits
Playing VR games for a long duration can trigger symptoms, such as
motion sickness, which is termed cybersickness. Common ailments include nausea,
dizziness, and headache. This is because the vestibular system (inner balance,
responsible for a sense of balance and spatial orientation) is tricked by the
virtual world. Cybersickness strikes some users when perceived motion is not
experienced by the body.[78]
Augmented Reality is a subset of virtual reality. Instead of
virtually simulating the entire environment, AR incorporates elements of the
real world and augments or simulates virtual objects in the actual world.
Real-time integration of Augmented reality takes place where the position and
orientation of the object in the actual world is localized and then mapped in
3D, which makes AR appear believable to the user.
The addition of augmented reality to mobile phones has seen huge
growth, as it has now become widespread with some global phenomena, such as
Pokémon Go, and several developmental projects by major publishers, such as
Mojang. The requirements of camera-based sensors and ease of integration in
mobile phones are the reasons for their success, and manufacturers have now
begun selling phones with AR apps and functionalities pre-installed in the phone. [79,80]
3. Olfactory display
impact on virtual reality
Developments in
Immersive Virtual 6Reality (IVR) technology have recently opened a new range of
empirical study opportunities for gaming technologies. Advancements in IVR
provide virtual environments that simultaneously replicate the complexity of
the real world and provide scientists with numerous control and monitoring
capabilities. This has become a dynamic key for immersing people in an
environment that is close to reality, involving more human senses.[81,82] Researchers have
gained insight into olfactory devices in virtual reality environments to
enhance the gaming experience. The primary objective of this technology is to
make the simulation more realistic by allowing players to smell the related
scene/visual object of the game or the virtual environment. The information
provided by olfactory stimuli provides an immersive game experience through
predefined game conditions, such as in any genre game (action or horror).[83,84] and cooking games
(smell of ingredients).[85] The olfaction research on the quality of experience explored in a
variety of ways, such as smell, was related to the visual object that was
watched. During the visual experience, the scent added to the sense of realism,
such as when it was unpleasant or when the odor was inconvenient; however, the
visual clip was perceived as more realistic.[86] The scents were
released using devices called olfactometers during a gaming experience, based
on pictures, sounds, or videos. Olfactometers are computer-controlled devices
that supply odorants to human olfactory organs. Most studies have examined
different types of olfactory displays, classified as wearable and
environmental, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Different types of olfactory display.
Various researchers
have focused on the different characteristics of olfactory displays before
using them in virtual environments, as mentioned below.[83,
87-89]
· The quantity and range of available odors.
· The ability to adapt the scent level to the
sensitivity of humans.
· The degree of odor variance in intensity and
consistency as well as the continuity of odor release.
· How is smell found and diffused in the virtual
world with respect to a particular object?
· How an olfactory display smells in a wide area.
The scent should be
vaporized before delivering the aroma to the nose, as it is in the form of a
liquid or solid liquid, but humans can experience odors in the air.[88,89] Different
vaporization methods are available, as illustrated in Fig.
5.
Fig. 5 Different Vaporization
methods.
The natural
vaporization method uses a scent generator for highly volatile chemical
compounds that are not controlled during the vaporization process. Another
method uses airflow, in which the vaporization process is accelerated using
fans, blowers, and pumps for liquid gel or a porous material. Heating is also a
method for producing aroma scents in the form of incense stick-fragrant wood.
Currently, the atomization (air diffuser) process is used to deliver odors in
the form of small droplets produced in the air.[88-97]
If an individual
wants to experience different scents over multiple events (different
ingredients for a cooking game, treatment, and fear in horror games) at
different times, a mechanism to move between different time periods is needed
for the individual to experience multiple scents or a scent that changes over
time. To create a blended scent in real life, different fragrances are mixed to
ensure that the resulting aroma contains the desired chemical compositions at
the appropriate concentrations. Once vaporized, the blend is delivered to the
nose through various methods, as shown in Fig. 6.
These scents are then directed towards the user through an airflow system to
ensure timely and precise delivery. Additionally, air cannons generate vortex
rings to simulate dynamic scent bursts such as explosions or sudden smoke,
adding realism to the experience. By localizing the scent release near the
user's face, the olfactory display creates a multisensory interaction,
enriching the overall engagement and making the virtual environment more
convincing and interactive. This technology adds depth to VR by connecting
users to the virtual world through their sense of smell, thereby amplifying
both immersion and enjoyment.
Fig. 6 Scent delivery methods: a) Natural
diffusion, b) Wind, c) Tube, d) Vortex ring, e) Direct delivery.
Much effort has
been devoted to the odor supply system of the device using controlled hardware
and a number of odors on various subjects to make it ideal for gaming and
enhance the virtual experience, as shown in Fig. 6. Various methods
have been employed to integrate olfactory displays with virtual environments to
deliver odorants to users, each with its unique advantages and limitations.
These delivery methods range from direct airflow systems to more sophisticated
solenoid valve mechanisms, each impacting the user experience differently. The
number of odorants tested, and the types of scents vary widely across studies,
with some focusing on single-scent experiments, whereas others incorporate a
broader range of smells, from fruity aromas to more complex environmental
scents. However, challenges such as scent contamination, restricted movement,
and high cost of equipment remain common across many approaches. Table 7 provides a comprehensive overview of the
different methods used for odorant delivery, types of odorants tested, and
specific limitations observed in various studies.
Table 7. Different
approaches for delivery of odorants, types of the odorant and their limitations.
|
References
|
Delivery method
|
No. of odorants
|
Subjects Tested
|
Type of odorant
|
Disadvantage
|
|
Sezille et al. [97]
|
Tubes and Solenoid valves
|
15
|
4
|
Propanol (PRO), Isoamyl acetate (ISO),
Benzaldehyde (BEN), etc.
|
Chances of contamination is increased of one
odorant from traces of others before it.
|
|
Nakamoto et al. [98]
|
Odorant Bearing Tubes or wearing additional
headphones.
|
31
|
NA
|
Different gases
|
Chances of contamination increases when one
odorant is tainted by traces of the previous one.
|
|
Sato et al.
[99]
|
Direct Delivery
|
12
|
14
|
Lavender, lemon etc.
|
Restriction of head movements
|
|
Ischer et al. [81]
|
Computer controlled Solenoid valve
|
15
|
9
|
Soap Perfume, Jasmine aroma, chocolate, Apple
aroma, Synthetic body odour, Humidity smell etc.
|
Increase in the chances of contamination when
using multiple odorants, expensive design.
|
|
Tsaramirsis et al. [84]
|
Airflow (Wind)
|
24
|
15
|
Orange, Jasmine, Tobacco, Pine, Mountain, Ocean
|
Persistence times and conflict between aromas,
Limited data
|
|
Al-Bahadly et al. [100]
|
Atomization
|
1
|
3
|
Aerosol
|
One scent is used for experiment.
|
|
Niedenthal et al. [101]
|
Handheld olfactory display
|
1
|
20
|
Lemon or Lilac
|
Hand movement creates turbulence which reduces the
strength of the aroma, Limited data
|
|
Nakamoto et al. [85]
|
Tubes and Solenoid valves
|
32
|
NA
|
Cooking Ingredients such as garlic, onion, wine,
spices etc.
|
Expensive
|
|
Tanikawa et al. [88]
|
Scent Generator
|
18
|
7
|
Fruit Flavoured Aroma
|
NA
|
|
Tiele et al. [102]
|
Aroma Generator
|
6
|
NA
|
Cinnamon, Lavender, Lemongrass, Orange,
Grapefruit. Peppermint
|
Limited Data
|
|
Ademoye et al. [86]
|
Vortex Dispenser
|
6 categories
|
42
|
Burnt, Flowery, Fruity, Foul, Resinous, Spicy
|
The choice of parameters when performing user
studies is more limited to smells than conventional media, such as video and
audio.
|
|
Brain et al. [103]
|
Airflow (Wind)
|
9
|
22
|
Fruity, Foul
|
Limited no. of participants, Limited Data
|
|
M. Seif El-Nasr et al. [104]
|
Airflow (Wind)
|
12
|
8
|
Lemon, Ice cream, Cake, Apple, Grass, Banana,
Mushroom, Rose, Milk, jasmine, and a Teacup
|
Limited no. of participants, Limited Data
|
4. Role of intelligent lighting for a better gaming experience
Visual comfort
increases the efficiency of a person and reduces fatigue in gameplayers. When
the light is too dim, we can't see the object well. On the other hand, if the
light is too bright, it makes our eyes hurt. If we force our eyes open in
bright light, tears may come, making it hard to see and causing discomfort. Therefore,
it is necessary to design a lighting scheme such that the light is adequate for
proper places. Different frequencies of light waves produce different color
sensations in the human eye. The visibility of an object depends on the level
of illumination, which in turn depends on the following factors.
• Size of the object
• Period of observation
• Color of object
• Background contrast.
The human eye naturally adjusts its brightness within its visual
field to achieve light uniformity. Non-uniform lighting causes the iris to
adjust more frequently, resulting in eye strain. To ensure uniform
illumination, a combination of general and localized lighting with brightness
ratios not exceeding 3:1 was implemented. The color perception of objects is
influenced by the spectral characteristics of the light source. Optimal
lighting composition should render colors naturally, approximating their
appearance under daylight conditions. Properly designed task lighting can adversely
impact workplace experiences. In gaming, lighting is a critical element that
enhances visual aesthetics, narrative, and atmosphere. It significantly affects
the game's ambiance and can alter the player's perception. When utilized
effectively, lighting can enhance the overall gaming experience. Studies have
provided insights into how various lighting techniques influence the gaming
environment.[105] Research has demonstrated that reduced ambient lighting intensity
(compared to high intensity) increases gameplay duration.[106,107]
Exposure
to bright light with red undertones increased participants' perceptions of
warmth, while blue-dominant light heightened anxiety. Increased light intensity
amplified emotional responses. Both light intensity and spectral composition
have been shown to impact mood.
5. Survey and results
An online survey
was conducted to validate the research findings and reach a consensus on the
impact of gaming peripherals on a broader scale. The survey questionnaire was
prepared such that all aspects related to general computer work and high-level
gaming would be covered, from an average office person to a full-time e-sports
player, as shown below. The insights highlighted in this paper are presented in
the following section. Most responses were from Asia, Europe, and the Middle
East. More than 60% of the surveyed participants were–the age group of 19-24.
The sample data suggest that over 30% of the respondents were unaware of the
technology of augmented reality, virtual reality, wearable gaming technology,
olfactory displays, and thermal devices, whereas more than 75% were unaware of
olfactory displays and 50% were unaware of the application of a thermal device.
This lack of awareness has also caused people to be most interested in
innovation in technology. Over 45% of the survey replies indicated that they
were interested in learning about AR/VR, wearable gaming technology, olfactory
displays, and thermal devices. Fig. 7 illustrates
the comfort ratings against the usage time for different gaming peripherals.
User experience in gaming can be scored based on several factors, such as
engagement, satisfaction, and performance, often using a weighted scoring system
as given in equation (4).
(4)
where,
Engagement Index
Satisfaction Rate
Performance Rate
= weights assigned to each factor (based on the
relative importance of engagement, satisfaction, and performance)
Fig. 7 Comparison of performance metrics for different
gaming peripherals.
One of the key
aspects of the gaming experience is user satisfaction, which we quantified
using the Satisfaction Rate (SR). This rate is derived from participant
feedback, and reflects how satisfied gamers have different peripherals. The SR
is calculated as shown in equation 5.
(5)
where,
= satisfaction rating (collected via surveys
or feedback, on a scale from 1 to 10, for example)
=
number of participants
This metric
provides a quantitative measure of user satisfaction, enabling the comparison
of how various peripherals contribute to an enhanced gaming experience, based
on data collected from survey respondents. Fig. 8 illustrates
the Comfort Ratings Against Usage Time for Different Gaming Peripherals. The
results indicate that while the mouse facilitates the most rapid reaction
times, it is associated with a marginal decrease in accuracy compared to
alternative devices, such as the controller. The controller, conversely, offers
the highest level of accuracy, but demonstrates a moderate response time,
rendering it suitable for tasks requiring precision. Despite its widespread
utilization, the keyboard exhibits slower response times than the mouse, while
maintaining adequate accuracy. The headset occupies an intermediate position,
offering balanced performance. This analysis suggests that gamers may select
different peripherals based on their prioritization of speed or precision in
gameplay, indicating that each device excels in a distinct domain.
Fig. 8 Comfort ratings
against usage time for different gaming peripherals.
Figure 9
illustrates the
Shifts in User Preferences for Gaming Peripherals Over Time. The prevalence of
keyboards and mice has exhibited an upward trend, with mice attaining nearly
40% and keyboards demonstrating steady growth to approximately 37% by 2024.
Headsets have also experienced a consistent increase in preference, indicative
of the growing significance of immersive audio experiences in gaming, reaching
28% by 2024. Conversely, controllers have undergone a marked and continuous
decline, diminishing to 3% by 2024. This trend suggests that as gaming
technology advances, users increasingly favor peripherals that offer enhanced
precision and customization, with controllers becoming less preferred in
PC-dominated gaming environments.
Fig. 9 Shifts in user preferences for gaming peripherals over time.
6. Conclusion
In this study, we
examined various gaming gadgets and their impact on enhancing gaming
experiences. From the average consumer to professional gamers, every component
of a setup can significantly affect the gaming experience. The ergonomic design
of controllers and wearable devices is crucial to user comfort and health. We
assessed the advantages and compatibility of commonly used gaming hardware by
focusing on direct contact feedback and haptics. Environmental feedback, such
as olfactory setups and lighting variations, was also explored for its impact
on gaming immersion. Our study suggests that high-performance gaming is
enhanced by high-specification desktop setups, virtual reality integration, and
haptic gears. An online survey confirmed the positive influence of peripheral
gaming across a broad user base, from office workers to export participants.
Despite limited data on lighting and olfaction technologies, the respondents
indicated moderate to high impacts, highlighting the untapped potential in these
areas. No negative responses were recorded and less than 10% felt that the
hardware had no impact on gaming. The survey also suggested that aesthetics
such as RGB lighting were less influential. The field of gaming peripherals has
vast potential for improvement, promising lifelike gaming experiences, and
applications in healthcare, nursing, and education.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Supporting Information
Not applicable.
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